What is Hodgkin lymphoma?

Last medical review:

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a cancer that starts in lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are found in the bone marrow, blood and lymphatic system. They help protect the body against germs and abnormal cells, including cancer cells.

Diagram of the lymphatic system.
Diagram of the lymphatic system.

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) starts in abnormal B cells called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. HRS cells are a lot bigger than normal B cells and have 1 or more large nuclei. Classic HL is the most common type of HL. When people talk about HL, they usually mean classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) also starts in abnormal B cells, but they are different from HRS cells. The abnormal B cells in NLPHL are called lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells. LP cells are sometimes called popcorn cells because they look large and puffy when viewed under a microscope. NLPHL is a very rare type of HL.

Another type of cancer that can start in lymphocytes is called non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The abnormal B cells of Hodgkin lymphoma look and behave differently from non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Hodgkin lymphomas and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are treated differently.

Hodgkin lymphoma starts in the lymph nodes, usually those found in the neck, chest or under the arms. Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. Find out more about the lymphatic system and the immune system.

Expert review and references

  • Joseph Connors, MD, CM
  • American Cancer Society. About Hodgkin Lymphoma. 2024. https://www.cancer.org/.
  • Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services. Lymphoma: Clinical Practice Guideline LYHE-002 V19. 2024.
  • National Cancer Institute. Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. 2024. https://www.cancer.gov/.
  • Martini FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 9th ed. New York, NY: Pearson; 2018.

Types of Hodgkin lymphoma

The 2 types of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL). Almost all cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic HL.

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