What is adrenal gland cancer?
Adrenal gland cancer starts in the cells of the adrenal glands. Cancer may start in the outer layer of the adrenal gland (called the adrenal cortex) or in the inner layer of the adrenal gland (called the adrenal medulla). A cancerous (malignant) tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. When cancer starts in the adrenal gland cells, it is called adrenal gland cancer or primary adrenal gland cancer. This type of cancer is rare.
The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. The endocrine system is the
group of glands and cells that make and release hormones into the blood. These
hormones control many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, sleep, hunger
and
You have 2 adrenal glands. There is one above each kidney, and the kidneys are deep inside the upper part of the abdomen. Each adrenal gland has 2 main layers – an outer layer of gland tissue and an inner layer of nerve tissue. A covering, called a capsule, surrounds and protects each adrenal gland.
Cells in the adrenal gland sometimes change and no longer grow or behave normally. Changes in the adrenal cortex may lead to non-cancerous tumours such as adrenal adenomas. These changes may also become cancerous. This type of cancer is called adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). It is the most common primary adrenal gland cancer.
Changes in the adrenal medulla may lead to tumours such as pheochromocytomas. Most pheochromocytomas are non-cancerous. Tumours that form outside of the adrenal glands are called paragangliomas.
Other types of cancer can spread to the adrenal gland, but this isn't the same disease as primary adrenal gland cancer. Cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the adrenal gland is called secondary adrenal gland cancer. It's not treated in the same way as primary adrenal gland cancer. Secondary adrenal gland cancers include melanoma skin cancer, lymphoma, and lung, breast, kidney and colorectal cancer. Secondary adrenal gland cancer is more common than primary adrenal gland cancer.