Prostate cancer affects more people than you might think. On average, about 1 in 9 men will develop the disease in their lifetime. And every day, on average, 80 men across the country learn that they have this disease. This is why it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms and understand which factors can increase your risk.
What is the prostate?
The prostate is part of the male reproductive and urinary systems. It is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum.
The main function of the prostate is to produce a fluid that protects and nourishes sperm. Prostate cancer develops when prostate cells begin to grow uncontrolled.
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer may not cause any symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Symptoms sometimes appear only when the tumour grows and causes changes in the body.
Common symptoms include:
- the need to pee more often, especially at night
- difficulty peeing
- an urgent or sudden need to pee
- the feeling of not completely emptying the bladder
- urinary leakage or difficulty controlling the bladder
- burning sensation or pain when peeing
- blood in pee
- the presence of blood in the semen
- pain on ejaculation
Who is at higher risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer?
Although anyone with a prostate can develop prostate cancer, there are certain factors associated with a higher risk.
Family history
The risk is higher when a first-degree relative, such as a father, brother or son, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Ethnicity
Prostate cancer is more common in Black men, especially those of African or Caribbean origin.
Excess weight
People with obesity are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage.
Tall adult height
Some studies have indicated a slightly higher risk in tall men.
Certain inherited genetic mutations
A small number of prostate cancers are linked to genetic mutations passed from parent to child.
Other factors such as smoking, diet, some environmental factors and androgen levels are still under investigation.
Can prostate cancer be found before signs or symptoms appear?
Some people with prostate cancer have no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. But it is possible for the cancer to be found before a person even notices changes in their health.
There are 2 tests that can help find a prostate problem before symptoms appear.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
The PSA test is a blood test that measures a substance produced by the prostate. A higher-than-normal level may indicate that further follow-up or testing is needed to confirm the presence of cancer.
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
A digital rectal exam is a physical examination that allows a healthcare professional to assess the size, shape and texture of the prostate to identify possible abnormalities.
PSA and DRE are useful when used together. People with a prostate may wish to discuss prostate cancer screening with their healthcare professional starting at age 50. For those at higher risk, including Black men and people with a family history of prostate cancer, this discussion can begin at an earlier age.
What to remember about prostate cancer
If you have a prostate, knowing your risk and discussing early detection options with a healthcare professional can help you make informed decisions about your health.
Progress in prostate cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment is driven by research. By supporting prostate cancer research, you can help improve outcomes and change the future of this disease.